What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Plant Communities Discussion

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?
Provide an example of a place that is or has undergone primary succession.
Provide an example of a place that is in or has undergone secondary succession.

A plant community is a collection or association[1][page needed] of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types. The components of each plant community are influenced by soil type, topography, climate and human disturbance. In many cases there are several soil types present within a given plant community.[2][page needed] This is because the soil type within an area is influenced by two factors, the rate at which water infiltrates or evapotranspirates from the soil, as well as the rate at which organic matter (any carbon-based compound within the environment, such as decaying plant matter) enters or decays from the soil.[3] Plant communities are studied substantially by ecologists, due to providing information on the effects of dispersal, tolerance to environmental conditions, and response to disturbance of a variety of plant species, information valuable to the comprehension of various plant community dynamics.

Definition
A plant community can be described floristically (the species of flowers or flora the plant community contains)[5] and/or phytophysiognomically (the physical structure or appearance of the plant community). For example, a forest (a community of trees) includes the overstory, or upper tree layer of the canopy, as well as the understory,a layer consisting of trees and shrubs located beneath the canopy but above the forest floor. The understory can be further subdivided into the shrub layer, composed of vegetation and trees between a height of approximately 1 to 5 meters, the herbaceous layer, composed of vascular plants at a height of 1 meter or less,[6] and sometimes also the moss layer, a layer of non-vascular bryophytes typically present at ground level (approximately 0.15 meters in height or less).[7] In some cases of complex forests there is also a well-defined lower tree layer. A plant community is similar in concept to a vegetation type, with the former having more of an emphasis on the ecological association of species within it, and the latter on overall appearance by which it is readily recognized by a layperson.[citation needed]

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A plant community can be rare even if none of the major species defining it are rare.[1]: 115  This is because it is the association of species and relationship to their environment that may be rare.[1]: 115  An example is the sycamore alluvial woodland in California dominated by the California sycamore Platanus racemosa.[1]: 115  The community is rare, being localized to a small area of California and existing nowhere else, yet the California sycamore is not a rare tree in California.[1]: 115

Examples
An example is a grassland on the northern Caucasus steppes, where common grass species found are Festuca sulcata and Poa bulbosa. The most common species defining this grassland phytocoenosis is Carex shreberi. Other representative forbs occurring in these steppe grasslands are Artemisia austriaca and Polygonum aviculare.[8][page needed]

Other examples of different plant communities include the forests located on the granite peaks of the Huangshan Mountains in Eastern China.[9] The deciduous broad-leaved forest, present from a height of 1,100 metres, is populated by trees such as Pinus hwangshanesis, also known as the Huangshan pine. The Huangshan mountain also possesses an evergreen broad-leaved forest community, home to a variety of shrubs and small trees.[10] Some examples of species present in the evergreen broad-leaved forest community include Castanopsis eyrei, Eurya nitidia, Rhododendron ovatum, Pinus massoniana, as well as Loropetalum chinense.[11]

An example of a three tiered plant community is in central Westland of South Island, New Zealand. These forests are the most extensive continuous reaches of podocarp/broadleaf forests in that country. The canopy includes Prumnopitys ferruginea, rimu and mountain totara. The mid-story includes tree ferns such as Cyathea smithii and Dicksonia squarrosa, whilst the lowest tier and epiphytic associates include Asplenium polyodon, Tmesipteris tannensis, Astelia solandri and Lomaria discolor.